%PDF-1.2 % 8 0 obj << /Length 9 0 R >> stream 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 301.68 45.12 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj ET q 144 0 0 -1.44 60 732.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 12 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 730.8 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 728.04 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 725.28 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????????||<<   EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 722.52 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 719.76 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ??????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 717 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 714.24 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID  ???? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 711.48 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???``  ????????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 708.72 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?????????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 705.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?????? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 703.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ??? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 700.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???? EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.88 60 697.68 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ??@ EI Q q 144 0 0 -2.4 60 694.92 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 1200 /H 20 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?????? EI Q BT 245.16 716.16 TD /F1 20.04 Tf -0.0059 Tc -0.0032 Tw (SYNTHESES OF BEST PRACTICES) Tj 27.84 -24 TD 0.013 Tc -0.0221 Tw (ROAD SA) Tj -0.1082 Tc 0.2191 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT) Tj -213 -21.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0278 Tc -0.0093 Tw (Transportation Association of Canada) Tj 323.88 0 TD -0.0088 Tc -0.0183 Tw (Association des transports du Canada) Tj ET 60 664.08 492 1.08 re f BT 117.72 623.76 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 18 Tf -0.02 Tc 0.836 Tw (5.0 ) Tj -1.581 Tc 0 Tw (PA) Tj -0.0017 Tc 0.8777 Tw (VEMENTS ) Tj -0.222 Tc 0.978 Tw (AND SA) Tj -0.1985 Tc 1.0745 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT) Tj -57.72 -174.24 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.316 Tc 0 Tw (INTRODUCTION) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.088 Tc -0.6709 Tw (This Synthesis of Best Practices has two key purposes.) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0905 Tc -0.7283 Tw (The first is to provide pavement designers with informa-) Tj T* -0.1681 Tc -0.6958 Tw (tion on methods to mitigate the environmental and pave-) Tj T* 0.0079 Tc -0.5718 Tw (ment impact of road salt through proper pavement de-) Tj T* -0.0022 Tc 0.18 Tw (sign. The second is to provide road maintainers with) Tj T* -0.1445 Tc -0.6803 Tw (information on pavement-related salt management con-) Tj T* -0.1131 Tc -0.6843 Tw (siderations. For further information on the factors identi-) Tj T* -0.0096 Tc 1.0657 Tw (fied in this Synthesis of Best Practices the designer) Tj T* -0.1261 Tc -0.6885 Tw (should refer to the Road Salt Management Guide-1999.) Tj 0 -22.56 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (REL) Tj -0.0858 Tc -0.5502 Tw (ATIONSHIP TO SA) Tj -0.089 Tc -0.607 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT) Tj 0 -19.92 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0331 Tc -0.6825 Tw (There are pavement design factors to be taken into ac-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0171 Tc 1.1148 Tw (count that relate to the ability of pavements to with-) Tj T* -0.0348 Tc -0.6941 Tw (stand snow and ice control chemicals. These can have) Tj T* -0.0239 Tc 0.5351 Tw (a bearing on the way in which winter maintenance is) Tj T* -0.0155 Tc -0.7284 Tw (carried out, the melt performance of salt, and therefore) Tj T* 0.0072 Tc 0.8639 Tw (the amount of chemical necessary to be used. The) Tj T* -0.08 Tc -0.7003 Tw (pavement designer should make every effort to provide) Tj T* -0.0318 Tc -0.7314 Tw (pavement designs that serve to support the minimizing) Tj T* 0.0025 Tc 0.1686 Tw (of the use of salt for deicing purposes. Consideration) Tj T* -0.0041 Tc 0.4902 Tw (should be given to the following factors affecting salt) Tj T* -0.1233 Tc 0 Tw (usage:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1386 Tc -0.6703 Tw (Type of pavement surface.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0554 Tc -0.7335 Tw (Pavement thermal and material properties.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0614 Tc -0.7275 Tw (Environment and climate.) Tj -21 -18 TD -0.0686 Tc -0.7202 Tw (Pavement surfaces generally consist of either concrete) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1436 Tc -0.7052 Tw (or asphalt, while pavement structures can be either con-) Tj T* 0.4727 Tc 1.3334 Tw (crete or asphalt, or a composite of both. Road) Tj 258 378.84 TD -0.1302 Tc -0.7016 Tw (maintainers do not report significant differences with the) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.025 Tc -0.7239 Tw (pavement variations, although there are subtleties that) Tj T* -0.0071 Tc 0.4516 Tw (affect the way snow and ice behave on different sur-) Tj T* -0.1129 Tc -0.628 Tw (faces in the winter and how they need to be maintained.) Tj T* -0.2699 Tc -0.6856 Tw (The key is to understand how the various pavement types) Tj T* -0.0581 Tc -0.6708 Tw (function under different winter conditions.) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0078 Tc -0.5416 Tw (Because of their light colour and higher thermal mass,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2071 Tc -0.7218 Tw (concrete pavements tend to heat up and cool down more) Tj T* -0.0135 Tc 0.8617 Tw (slowly than do asphalt pavements. This heating and) Tj T* -0.0074 Tc -0.4515 Tw (cooling occurs differently at different times of the yea) Tj -0.5828 Tc 0 Tw (r,) Tj T* -0.093 Tc -0.6873 Tw (depending on the temperature of the underlying materi-) Tj ET 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg 326.76 288.96 m 327.96 290.04 l 329.4 290.76 l 330.84 291.24 l 332.52 291.36 l 542.52 291.36 l 544.2 291.24 l 545.64 290.76 l 547.08 290.04 l 548.4 288.96 l 549.36 287.64 l 550.2 286.32 l 550.68 284.76 l 550.8 283.08 l 550.8 81.12 l 550.68 79.44 l 550.2 78 l 549.36 76.56 l 548.4 75.36 l 547.08 74.28 l 545.64 73.44 l 544.2 73.08 l 542.52 72.84 l 332.52 72.84 l 330.84 73.08 l 329.4 73.44 l 327.96 74.28 l 326.76 75.36 l 325.68 76.56 l 324.96 78 l 324.48 79.44 l 324.36 81.12 l 324.36 283.08 l 324.48 284.76 l 324.96 286.32 l 325.68 287.64 l 326.76 288.96 l f* 326.16 289.44 m 327.6 290.64 l 329.04 291.48 l 330.72 291.96 l 332.52 292.08 l 542.52 292.08 l 544.32 291.96 l 546 291.48 l 547.56 290.64 l 548.88 289.44 l 550.08 288.12 l 550.92 286.56 l 551.4 284.88 l 551.52 283.08 l 551.52 81.12 l 551.4 79.32 l 550.92 77.64 l 550.08 76.2 l 548.88 74.76 l 547.56 73.56 l 546 72.84 l 544.32 72.24 l 542.52 72.12 l 332.52 72.12 l 330.72 72.24 l 329.04 72.84 l 327.6 73.56 l 326.16 74.76 l 325.08 76.2 l 324.24 77.64 l 323.76 79.32 l 323.52 81.12 l 323.52 283.08 l 323.76 284.88 l 324.24 286.56 l 325.08 288.12 l 326.16 289.44 l 326.88 288.72 l 325.92 287.52 l 325.08 286.2 l 324.72 284.76 l 324.6 283.08 l 324.6 81.12 l 324.72 79.56 l 325.08 78 l 325.92 76.68 l 326.88 75.48 l 328.08 74.4 l 329.52 73.68 l 330.96 73.32 l 332.52 73.08 l 542.52 73.08 l 544.08 73.32 l 545.64 73.68 l 546.96 74.4 l 548.16 75.48 l 549.24 76.68 l 549.96 78 l 550.44 79.56 l 550.56 81.12 l 550.56 283.08 l 550.44 284.76 l 549.96 286.2 l 549.24 287.52 l 548.16 288.72 l 546.96 289.8 l 545.64 290.52 l 544.08 291 l 542.52 291.12 l 332.52 291.12 l 330.96 291 l 329.52 290.52 l 328.08 289.8 l 326.88 288.72 l 326.16 289.44 l f* 1 1 1 rg 321.12 292.92 m 322.44 294 l 323.88 294.72 l 325.32 295.2 l 327 295.32 l 537 295.32 l 538.68 295.2 l 540.12 294.72 l 541.56 294 l 542.76 292.92 l 543.84 291.72 l 544.68 290.28 l 545.04 288.72 l 545.28 287.16 l 545.28 86.64 l 545.04 85.08 l 544.68 83.52 l 543.84 82.08 l 542.76 80.88 l 541.56 79.8 l 540.12 79.08 l 538.68 78.6 l 537 78.48 l 327 78.48 l 325.32 78.6 l 323.88 79.08 l 322.44 79.8 l 321.12 80.88 l 320.16 82.08 l 319.32 83.52 l 318.96 85.08 l 318.72 86.64 l 318.72 287.16 l 318.96 288.72 l 319.32 290.28 l 320.16 291.72 l 321.12 292.92 l f* 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg 320.64 293.52 m 321.96 294.6 l 323.52 295.44 l 325.2 295.92 l 327 296.16 l 537 296.16 l 538.8 295.92 l 540.48 295.44 l 541.92 294.6 l 543.36 293.52 l 544.56 292.08 l 545.28 290.52 l 545.88 288.96 l 546 287.16 l 546 86.64 l 545.88 84.84 l 545.28 83.28 l 544.56 81.72 l 543.36 80.28 l 541.92 79.2 l 540.48 78.36 l 538.8 77.88 l 537 77.64 l 327 77.64 l 325.2 77.88 l 323.52 78.36 l 321.96 79.2 l 320.64 80.28 l 319.44 81.72 l 318.6 83.28 l 318.12 84.84 l 318 86.64 l 318 287.16 l 318.12 288.96 l 318.6 290.52 l 319.44 292.08 l 320.64 293.52 l 321.36 292.8 l 320.28 291.6 l 319.56 290.16 l 319.08 288.72 l 318.96 287.16 l 318.96 86.64 l 319.08 85.08 l 319.56 83.64 l 320.28 82.2 l 321.36 81 l 322.56 80.04 l 323.88 79.32 l 325.44 78.84 l 327 78.72 l 537 78.72 l 538.56 78.84 l 540 79.32 l 541.44 80.04 l 542.64 81 l 543.72 82.2 l 544.44 83.64 l 544.8 85.08 l 545.04 86.64 l 545.04 287.16 l 544.8 288.72 l 544.44 290.16 l 543.72 291.6 l 542.64 292.8 l 541.44 293.76 l 540 294.48 l 538.56 294.96 l 537 295.08 l 327 295.08 l 325.44 294.96 l 323.88 294.48 l 322.56 293.76 l 321.36 292.8 l 320.64 293.52 l f* BT 330.96 270.48 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (CONTENTS) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.1567 Tc (Introduction) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc (1) Tj -195 -17.04 TD -0.0226 Tc -0.6662 Tw (Relationship to Salt Management) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj -195 -16.92 TD -0.0036 Tc -0.5453 Tw (Salt Management Practices) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj -177 -17.04 TD 0.0029 Tc -0.7018 Tw (Effects of Salt on Pavements) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj -177 -12 TD -0.1454 Tc -0.8235 Tw (Pavement Design) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj -177 -12 TD -0.1088 Tc (Construction) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0178 Tc (4) Tj -177 -12 TD -0.0437 Tc -0.2052 Tw (Applying Road Salts) Tj 177 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj -195 -17.04 TD -0.0287 Tc -0.6402 Tw (Salt Vulnerable Areas) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj -195 -16.92 TD -0.0827 Tc -0.6862 Tw (Monitoring and Record Keeping) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj -195 -17.04 TD -0.3269 Tc (Training) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc (5) Tj -195 -17.04 TD -0.1382 Tc (Conclusion) Tj 195 0 TD -0.0178 Tc (5) Tj ET 0.7843 0.7765 0.8745 rg 60.72 480.84 490.56 123.48 re f 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg 60 605.16 m 552 605.16 l 552 480.12 l 60 480.12 l 60 605.16 l 60.96 481.08 l 551.04 481.08 l 551.04 604.08 l 60.96 604.08 l 60.96 481.08 l 60 605.16 l f* BT 75.96 587.04 TD 0 0 0 rg /F4 9.96 Tf -0.0022 Tc -0.2277 Tw (This is one in a series of Syntheses of Best Practices related to the effective management of road salt use) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0674 Tc -0.6695 Tw (in winter maintenance operations. This Synthesis is provided as advice to road maintainers for consideration) Tj T* -0.0125 Tc -0.4614 Tw (when developing their own Salt Management Plan. The Synthesis is not intended to be used prescriptively) Tj T* -0.0077 Tc 1.1763 Tw (but is to be used in concert with the legislation, manuals, directives and procedures of individual road) Tj T* -0.0512 Tc -0.6962 Tw (agencies. Syntheses of Best Practices have been produced on Salt Management Plans, ) Tj -0.1026 Tc -0.5663 Tw (Training, Road and) Tj T* -0.0162 Tc 1.2313 Tw (Bridge Design, Drainage and Stormwater Management, Pavements and Salt Management, Vegetation) Tj T* -0.0168 Tc 0.145 Tw (Management, Design and Operation of Road Maintenance ) Tj -0.0286 Tc 0.1397 Tw (Yards, Snow Storage and Disposal Sites and,) Tj T* -0.0254 Tc -0.6734 Tw (Winter Maintenance Equipment and ) Tj -0.0315 Tc -0.6824 Tw (Technologies. For more detailed information, please refer to ) Tj -0.1458 Tc -0.5831 Tw (TAC\222s Salt) Tj T* -0.0951 Tc -0.6738 Tw (Management Guide \226 1999.) Tj ET endstream endobj 9 0 obj 72918 endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 14 0 R /F4 16 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 8 0 R >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 20 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 390.72 0 TD -0.0948 Tc -0.7541 Tw (5.0 ) Tj -0.9772 Tc 0 Tw (PA) Tj -0.096 Tc -0.6329 Tw (VEMENTS AND) Tj -390.72 -12 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 392.28 0 TD -0.3772 Tc 0 Tw (SA) Tj -0.2742 Tc -0.5747 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 475.44 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 60 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 305.64 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 700.08 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.0122 Tc -0.701 Tw (als. This makes monitoring of pavement temperatures) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.0944 Tw (critical to making accurate snow and ice control deci-) Tj T* -0.0034 Tc -0.5198 Tw (sions. Asphalt pavements can heat up to considerably) Tj T* -0.0525 Tc -0.7214 Tw (higher temperatures during the day and, once the solar) Tj T* -0.0895 Tc -0.7061 Tw (effect is gone after sunset, cool down more quickly than) Tj T* -0.0649 Tc -0.6639 Tw (adjacent concrete pavements.) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.008 Tc -0.5984 Tw (For snow to melt or for a solid salt to dissolve to form ) Tj -0.6178 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0023 Tc 0.7334 Tw (solution, heat is required \(i.e. endothermic reaction\).) Tj T* -0.1031 Tc -0.7191 Tw (While traffic tire action can provide some of the required) Tj T* 0.0045 Tc 0.0586 Tw (heat, in most cases this heat is drawn from the pave-) Tj T* -0.1363 Tc -0.7325 Tw (ment. Road authorities using automated pavement sen-) Tj T* -0.1053 Tc -0.6476 Tw (sors \(as part of their R) Tj 0.4378 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.1137 Tc -0.7052 Tw (IS system\) have observed sud-) Tj T* -0.094 Tc -0.6863 Tw (den and dramatic drops in pavement temperatures with) Tj T* -0.0063 Tc -0.3146 Tw (the onset of a snowfall, or the application of solid road) Tj T* 0.0042 Tc -0.1503 Tw (salt. This drop could result in pavement temperatures) Tj T* -0.019 Tc 0.5167 Tw (being lowered to below the freeze point and cause ) Tj 0.4622 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj T* -0.0014 Tc -0.6874 Tw (flash freeze. This phenomenon is not an issue with the) Tj T* -0.0453 Tc -0.7286 Tw (application of straight liquid chemicals since there is no) Tj T* -0.0463 Tc -0.7426 Tw (phase change from a solid to a liquid that would require) Tj T* -0.1102 Tc 0 Tw (heat.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.1419 Tc -0.707 Tw (Concrete pavements are less pervious than asphalt and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0041 Tc -0.6714 Tw (tend to shed brine more quickly than aged asphalt sur-) Tj T* -0.1829 Tc -0.706 Tw (faces, and therefore can be prone to more rapid refreeze) Tj T* -0.1662 Tc -0.6587 Tw (than more porous asphalt pavements. ) Tj 0.3178 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.1848 Tc -0.6641 Tw (inter conditions) Tj T* -0.0413 Tc -0.7176 Tw (on concrete surfaces need to be monitored closely and) Tj T* -0.0949 Tc -0.694 Tw (may require more frequent applications of snow and ice) Tj T* -0.005 Tc -0.6939 Tw (control chemicals or more quantity based on the pave-) Tj T* 0.0171 Tc 1.3626 Tw (ment temperature trends. The surface may also be) Tj T* -0.129 Tc -0.6856 Tw (grooved to increase drainage, improve wet weather fric-) Tj T* -0.0944 Tc -0.7145 Tw (tion, and reduce noise. This grooving, howeve) Tj -0.6767 Tc 0 Tw (r) Tj -0.0858 Tc -0.703 Tw (, also re-) Tj T* 0.0063 Tc -0.2102 Tw (moves brine more quickly and may reduce the forma-) Tj T* 0.0046 Tc 0.2415 Tw (tion of residual chemical crystals on the road surface) Tj T* 0.0023 Tc 0.0231 Tw (as the pavement dries. Transverse grooving does re-) Tj T* -0.0063 Tc -0.7054 Tw (duce splash and spray from concrete pavements. This) Tj T* -0.0399 Tc -0.689 Tw (would be beneficial near areas that are sensitive to salt) Tj T* 0.017 Tc 0 Tw (spra) Tj -1.02 Tc (y) Tj -0.0321 Tc 0.9832 Tw (. Howeve) Tj -0.0301 Tc 0.9641 Tw (r, this may be offset by the increased) Tj T* 0.4137 Tc 1.3774 Tw (usage of salt necessitated by the rapid surface) Tj T* -0.227 Tc 0 Tw (drainage.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0028 Tc 1.1039 Tw (Because of the rigidity of concrete and the crossfall) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.011 Tc -0.3113 Tw (controls during construction, there are often fewer im-) Tj T* -0.0032 Tc 1.2943 Tw (perfections in the crossfall than with asphalt/flexible) Tj T* 0.3514 Tc 1.3398 Tw (pavements than can develop rutting from in-situ) Tj T* 0.0088 Tc -0.5697 Tw (compaction and other surface undulations. Therefore,) Tj T* 0.2809 Tc 1.3903 Tw (with concrete surfaces there is less likelihood of) Tj T* -0.0031 Tc 0.6092 Tw (\223puddling\224 or \223ponding\224 in the wheel tracks. This has) Tj T* 0.0029 Tc 0.8522 Tw (both pros and cons. The benefit is that there is less) Tj T* -0.0043 Tc -0.4846 Tw (likelihood of refreeze in the wheel track, and there can) Tj T* 0.0053 Tc 0.7059 Tw (be a more consistent distribution of brine across the) Tj T* -0.0346 Tc -0.6793 Tw (crossfall. On the other hand, there is less concentrated) Tj T* 0.2251 Tc 1.3603 Tw (chemical retention to keep the wheel tracks from) Tj T* -0.0153 Tc -0.2336 Tw (icing up.) Tj 258 627 TD -0.1085 Tc -0.6804 Tw (Asphalt pavements can have different porosity depend-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.011 Tc 0.2571 Tw (ing on the construction, and this porosity can change) Tj T* -0.1003 Tc -0.7086 Tw (over time as the asphalt wears and oxidizes. Open Fric-) Tj T* -0.0111 Tc -0.7178 Tw (tion Course \(OFC\) pavements are often used because) Tj T* -0.0231 Tc -0.7324 Tw (of the improved drainage and reduced noise \226 they are) Tj T* -0.0031 Tc 0.4742 Tw (a quieter pavement. The OFC in facilitating drainage) Tj T* 0.0089 Tc -0.6178 Tw (also reduces spra) Tj -1.02 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.0062 Tc -0.5827 Tw (. This reduced spray can be benefi-) Tj T* -0.1615 Tc -0.6634 Tw (cial in proximity to areas that are vulnerable to salt spra) Tj -1.1144 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj 0 -21 TD -0.0548 Tc -0.7407 Tw (A good crossfall on any pavement will permit the place-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0069 Tc -0.4521 Tw (ment of chemicals on the crown or the high side of the) Tj T* -0.0382 Tc -0.7027 Tw (road and allow for the slope of the pavement and traffic) Tj T* -0.1027 Tc -0.7011 Tw (to distribute the chemical down the driving surface. This) Tj T* -0.0624 Tc -0.7145 Tw (tends to keep the chemicals on the road longer to work.) Tj T* -0 Tc 0.6084 Tw (Higher slope percentages tend to shed the chemical) Tj T* 0.0026 Tc 0.2151 Tw (\223brine\224 more quickly; in this regard, a 2% crossfall on) Tj T* -0.0304 Tc -0.6852 Tw (tangent is preferred over a 3% crossfall. Poor crossfall) Tj T* -0.2013 Tc -0.6818 Tw (due to deterioration of the pavement necessitates broad-) Tj T* 0.0039 Tc -0.4628 Tw (cast spreading, leading to greater loss of chemicals to) Tj T* -0.0099 Tc 0.241 Tw (the ditch.) Tj 0 -22.56 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 12 Tf -0.054 Tc 0 Tw (SA) Tj -0.0726 Tc -0.5634 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES) Tj 0 -19.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.2097 Tc -0.6563 Tw (Road salt does not generally damage properly designed,) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0081 Tc -0.5288 Tw (constructed and well maintained pavements, however) Tj T* -0.0507 Tc -0.7081 Tw (there is some potential for magnesium chloride to react) Tj T* 0.0019 Tc -0.3537 Tw (chemically with cement paste and affect the structural) Tj T* -0.0046 Tc -0.4542 Tw (integrity of concrete over time. The corrosivity of snow) Tj T* -0.0397 Tc -0.7012 Tw (and ice control chemicals can be reduced by the use of) Tj T* -0.0179 Tc -0.711 Tw (additives. The following discusses the potential effects) Tj T* 0.01 Tc -0.3639 Tw (of salt on pavements and best practices for pavement) Tj T* 0.0312 Tc 1.3999 Tw (design. It also discusses some winter maintenance) Tj T* -0.073 Tc -0.6559 Tw (considerations related to the type of pavement surface.) Tj 0 -21.72 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0082 Tc 1.0611 Tw (Effects of Salt on Pavements) Tj 0 -19.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.2258 Tc -0.6831 Tw (The typical salt-related damage to flexible and rigid pave-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0051 Tc 0.0763 Tw (ments listed below is described in further detail in the) Tj T* -0 Tc -0.2482 Tw (section that follows:) Tj 0 -21 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.004 Tc 0.6351 Tw (Salt can accelerate damage to some poorly-de-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1354 Tc -0.6894 Tw (signed or -constructed hot-mix asphalt pavements.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0078 Tc 1.2389 Tw (Salt can cause scaling of poor-quality concrete) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0927 Tc -0.7162 Tw (pavements and concrete pavers.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0017 Tc 1.0043 Tw (Salt can cause spalling of steel reinforced con-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0417 Tw (crete by accelerating steel corrosion if cracks al-) Tj T* -0.0028 Tc -0.3146 Tw (low chloride ions access to the reinforcing steel.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0816 Tc -0.7073 Tw (The brine resulting from road salt use can damage) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0978 Tc -0.6825 Tw (some thin, cracked or poorly drained flexible pave-) Tj T* -0.0035 Tc -0.074 Tw (ments by causing differential frost heaving at the) Tj T* -0.0067 Tc -0.6982 Tw (pavement edge or at unsealed cracks.) Tj ET endstream endobj 20 0 obj 18404 endobj 18 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 14 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 19 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Length 23 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0948 Tc -0.7541 Tw (5.0 ) Tj -0.9772 Tc 0 Tw (PA) Tj -0.096 Tc -0.6329 Tw (VEMENTS AND) Tj 359.28 0 TD -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj -359.28 -12 TD -0.3772 Tc 0 Tw (SA) Tj -0.2742 Tc -0.5747 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT) Tj 377.28 0 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 494.4 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 494.4 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 494.4 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 494.4 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 304.68 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj -244.68 654 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0657 Tc -0.7232 Tw (The magnesium in magnesium chloride may react) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0064 Tc -0.6882 Tw (with the cement paste in concrete, weakening the) Tj T* -0.096 Tc -0.7529 Tw (pavement structure.) Tj -21 -18.72 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0863 Tc 1.3566 Tw (Pavement Design) Tj 0 -19.2 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.96 Tf -0.2006 Tc -0.6654 Tw (The design and evaluation of new pavement alternatives) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.0083 Tc 0.7794 Tw (requires the pavement designer to identify subgrade) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0424 Tc -0.7105 Tw (conditions, drainage mechanisms, climatic data, mate-) Tj T* 0.4053 Tc 1.3858 Tw (rial properties, traffic data, pavement geometr) Tj -0.6344 Tc 0 Tw (y,) Tj 0 -11.88 TD -0.2186 Tc -0.6645 Tw (constructability and life-cycle costs. The designer should) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0831 Tc -0.6972 Tw (review the advantages, disadvantages and costs to de-) Tj T* -0.1373 Tc -0.6849 Tw (velop an appropriate solution for each situation. If pave-) Tj 0 -11.88 TD 0.0073 Tc -0.359 Tw (ment materials do not have proven performance, they) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0675 Tc -0.7364 Tw (should be tested before construction to ensure they are) Tj T* -0.2082 Tc 0 Tw (durable.) Tj 0 -18.84 TD 0.0078 Tc -0.2053 Tw (The principal design considerations to reduce salt im-) Tj 0 -11.76 TD -0.0182 Tc -0.6707 Tw (pacts on pavements include:) Tj 0 -19.08 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.2112 Tc -0.6977 Tw (Improving resistance of asphalt pavements to mois-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0467 Tc 0.6978 Tw (ture susceptibility by:) Tj 0 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.0057 Tc -0.2192 Tw (Ensuring that the specifications include asphalt) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.009 Tc 0.445 Tw (mix designs using a standard method such as) Tj T* 0.4455 Tc 1.4057 Tw (the Asphalt Institute\222s MS-2 or the SHRP) Tj T* -0.0654 Tc -0.7035 Tw (Superpave Mix Design Method.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.0871 Tc -0.6658 Tw (Conducting anti-stripping testing of the materials) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.003 Tc -0.2005 Tw (and mix designs to be used in construction.) Tj 250.68 313.8 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.187 Tc -0.6918 Tw (Specifying suitable compaction requirements and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0251 Tc -0.8238 Tw (testing procedures.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.0018 Tc 0.1265 Tw (Ensuring that both QA and QC procedures are) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.5895 Tw (specified to ensure that the material produced) Tj T* -0.0462 Tc -0.6827 Tw (complies with the mix design proportions and in-) Tj T* -0.0055 Tc -0.4233 Tw (cludes the necessary anti-stripping agents.) Tj -28.32 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.2997 Tc -0.6932 Tw (Improving resistance of rigid/concrete pavement and) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0214 Tc -0.4075 Tw (concrete pavers to scaling by:) Tj 0 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.0078 Tc -0.6011 Tw (Ensuring that durable concrete, which will resist) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0143 Tc 0.0568 Tw (the action of freezing and thawing and de-icing) Tj T* 0.009 Tc -0.3779 Tw (salts, is specified. The concrete should comply) Tj T* 0.5545 Tc 1.3267 Tw (with CSA-A23.1 requirements outlined in) Tj T* -0.2367 Tc -0.4922 Tw (Table 1.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.1272 Tc -0.6817 Tw (Ensuring that durable concrete pavers, which will) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0301 Tc 1.3496 Tw (resist the action of freezing and thawing and) Tj T* -0.0427 Tc -0.6862 Tw (deicing salts are specified. The concrete should) Tj T* -0.022 Tc -0.1668 Tw (comply with CSA-A23.1.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.8303 Tw (Ensuring that mix designs include certification) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0484 Tc -0.7005 Tw (that the aggregates, cement and other materials) Tj T* -0.0031 Tc -0.6658 Tw (used comply with CSA-A23.1 requirements.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.4868 Tc 1.3729 Tw (Ensuring that the air voids system in the) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0546 Tc 1.3165 Tw (hardened concrete complies with CSA-A23.1) Tj T* -0.1235 Tc 0 Tw (requirements.) Tj -277.32 -48 TD /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0104 Tc -0.2384 Tw (TABLE 1 Durability Requirements of Concrete used for Pavements) Tj 0 -21 TD 0.2006 Tc 0 Tw (Parameter) Tj 156 0 TD -0.0332 Tc -0.7356 Tw (Requirements for Exposure Class) Tj -156 -18.96 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.036 Tc 0 Tw (Class) Tj 216 0 TD -0.4685 Tc (C-1) Tj 156 0 TD (C-2) Tj -372 -19.08 TD -0.2033 Tc (Definition) Tj 156 0 TD -0.0892 Tc -0.6397 Tw (Structurally-reinforced concrete) Tj 156 0 TD -0.1544 Tc 0 Tw (Non-structurally-reinforced) Tj -156 -12 TD -0.0127 Tc -0.4522 Tw (exposed to chlorides and with or) Tj 156 0 TD -0.0026 Tc -0.3962 Tw (\(i.e., plain\) concrete exposed to) Tj -156 -12 TD -0.0703 Tc -0.6586 Tw (without freezing and thawing) Tj 156 0 TD -0.0529 Tc -0.706 Tw (chlorides and freezing and thawing) Tj -156 -12 TD -0.068 Tc 0 Tw (conditions) Tj -156 -18.96 TD -0.0355 Tc (Examples) Tj 156 0 TD 0.0265 Tc -0.4754 Tw (Bridge decks, parking decks) Tj 156 0 TD -0.0124 Tc -0.7165 Tw (Pavements, sidewalks, curb) Tj -156 -12 TD -0.0903 Tc -0.7586 Tw (and ramps) Tj 156 0 TD -0.0623 Tc -0.7865 Tw (and gutter) Tj -312 -18.96 TD 0.0096 Tc -0.5384 Tw (Minimum, specified 28 day) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0334 Tc -0.6355 Tw (compressive strength, MPa) Tj 216 0 TD -0.4978 Tc 0 Tw (35) Tj 156 0 TD (32) Tj -372 -19.08 TD -0.0574 Tc -0.7915 Tw (Maximum water/cementing) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0423 Tc -0.6866 Tw (material ratio) Tj 216 0 TD -0.2255 Tc 0 Tw (0.40) Tj 156 0 TD (0.45) Tj -372 -18.96 TD -0.0044 Tc -0.5444 Tw (Air content* based on nominal) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0238 Tc -0.6451 Tw (maximum aggregate size) Tj 21 -12 TD 0.0728 Tc -0.8017 Tw (10 mm) Tj 273 0 TD 0.0167 Tc 0.0544 Tw (6 to 9 %) Tj -273 -12 TD 0.0598 Tc -0.4687 Tw (14 - 20 mm) Tj 273 0 TD 0.0167 Tc 0.0544 Tw (5 to 8 %) Tj -273 -12 TD 0.0598 Tc -0.4687 Tw (28 - 40 mm) Tj 273 0 TD 0.0167 Tc 0.0544 Tw (4 to 7 %) Tj -294 -18.96 TD -0.0085 Tc -0.4804 Tw (* For concrete exposed to freezing and thawing.) Tj ET 60 344.16 m 552 344.16 l 552 93.12 l 60 93.12 l 60 344.16 l 60.96 94.08 l 551.04 94.08 l 551.04 343.08 l 60.96 343.08 l 60.96 94.08 l 60 344.16 l f* 215.04 94.08 0.96 250.08 re f 60 159.12 492 0.96 re f 60 189.12 492 0.96 re f 60 219.12 492 0.96 re f 60 251.16 492 0.96 re f 60 306.12 492 0.96 re f 60 326.16 492 0.96 re f 372.96 159.12 1.08 167.04 re f endstream endobj 23 0 obj 16261 endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 5 0 R /Resources << /Font << /F0 6 0 R /F1 10 0 R /F2 12 0 R /F3 14 0 R >> /ProcSet 2 0 R >> /Contents 22 0 R >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Length 26 0 R >> stream BT 60 748.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg /F0 9.96 Tf -0.0624 Tc -0.6665 Tw (Syntheses of Best Practices) Tj 390.72 0 TD -0.0948 Tc -0.7541 Tw (5.0 ) Tj -0.9772 Tc 0 Tw (PA) Tj -0.096 Tc -0.6329 Tw (VEMENTS AND) Tj -390.72 -12 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.8712 Tw (Road Salt Management) Tj 392.28 0 TD -0.3772 Tc 0 Tw (SA) Tj -0.2742 Tc -0.5747 Tw (LT MANAGEMENT) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 59.16 492 0.96 re f BT 475.44 46.08 TD 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg -0.0049 Tc 0.2361 Tw (September 2003) Tj ET q 57.6 0 0 -2.28 60 54.12 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 19 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 51.96 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ????|<<|~~ ? ??? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 49.2 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID x|>?????~??????????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.2 60 46.44 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 10 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?`p EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 45.36 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID >???<?<???? ? ???? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -2.88 60 42.6 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 24 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ???????? EI Q q 57.6 0 0 -1.56 60 39.84 cm 0.0471 0.1765 0.5137 rg BI /W 480 /H 13 /BPC 1 /IM true ID ?? EI Q BT 305.64 46.08 TD -0.0178 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj ET 0 0 0 rg 60 725.16 492 0.96 re f BT 60 700.08 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0441 Tc -0.7088 Tw (Improving the resistance of embedded reinforcing) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0196 Tc -0.2143 Tw (steel, tie bars and dowel bars to corrosion by:) Tj 0 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.0075 Tc -0.5764 Tw (Ensuring that the minimum concrete cover over) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.2348 Tc 1.3883 Tw (reinforcing steel meets the requirements of) Tj T* 0.0848 Tc 1.3863 Tw (CSA-A23.1. Provision of additional cover to) Tj T* -0.0015 Tc 1.0486 Tw (provide some tolerance during construction is) Tj T* -0.0345 Tc -0.6944 Tw (also desirable.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.0041 Tc 0.1553 Tw (Ensuring that bridge deck joint design, particu-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0806 Tc -0.6482 Tw (larly the shape of the longitudinal and transverse) Tj T* -0.0573 Tc -0.723 Tw (seal reservoirs, is selected to maintain a positive) Tj T* -0.0078 Tc -0.6911 Tw (seal for the longest possible time. The designer) Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 1.2063 Tw (should refer to American Concrete Pavement) Tj T* 0.0733 Tc 1.4779 Tw (Association\222s \(AC) Tj 0.0508 Tc 1.4403 Tw (PA\) joint and crack sealing) Tj T* -0.1618 Tc 0 Tw (guide.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.1209 Tc -0.6766 Tw (Ensuring that the seals for longitudinal and trans-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0192 Tc -0.7097 Tw (verse joints are made of durable materials.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.1697 Tw (Ensuring that dowels and tie bars are resistant) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.1459 Tc 1.4395 Tw (to corrosion by using epoxy coated steel or) Tj T* 0.0034 Tc -0.3723 Tw (corrosion resistant steel.) Tj -28.32 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0135 Tc 0.8247 Tw (Mitigate the damage caused by brine infiltration) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0279 Tc -0.741 Tw (into flexible/asphalt pavements by:) Tj 0 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.0804 Tc -0.6884 Tw (Designing pavements that are resistant to crack-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.1468 Tc -0.662 Tw (ing by providing adequate pavement structure for) Tj T* 0.0085 Tc -0.7374 Tw (the climate, sub-grade and traffic conditions.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.0574 Tc 1.3497 Tw (Designing asphalt pavements with an appro-) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0025 Tc 0.9006 Tw (priate thickness consistent with best manage-) Tj T* 0.0286 Tc -0.2775 Tw (ment practices.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.0231 Tc 0.4942 Tw (Designing partially or fully paved shoulders for) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0136 Tc -0.6912 Tw (roadways constructed with a rural cross-section) Tj T* -0.0051 Tc 0.5362 Tw (that shed the brine away from the traffic lanes) Tj T* 0 Tc -0.5233 Tw (where it can cause less damage are desirable.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.3509 Tc 1.3922 Tw (Specifying that asphalt mixes with asphalt) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0764 Tc 1.3547 Tw (cements are resistant to thermal and fatigue) Tj T* 0.36 Tc 1.3711 Tw (cracking. Designers should select suitable) Tj T* 0.0029 Tc -0.6918 Tw (grades of asphalt cement using guidelines such) Tj T* -0.0052 Tc 0.6363 Tw (as the current Asphalt Institute\222s \223Superpave ) Tj 0.6433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj T* 0.0032 Tc -0.4021 Tw (Performance Graded Asphalt Binder Specifica-) Tj T* 0.4587 Tc 1.3924 Tw (tion and ) Tj 0.4464 Tc 1.4247 Tw (Testing,\224 manual which provides) Tj T* -0.0653 Tc -0.7236 Tw (guidance on the selection of appropriate grades,) Tj T* -0.2274 Tc -0.6615 Tw (and specification requirements which can be used) Tj T* -0.0124 Tc -0.6764 Tw (to develop QA and QC testing procedures.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc 0 Tw (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.0421 Tc -0.6468 Tw (Providing a suitable internal drainage system as) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0425 Tc -0.7164 Tw (part of the pavement structure to drain away any) Tj T* -0.0031 Tc 0.6799 Tw (infiltration that does take place. This includes) Tj T* -0.01 Tc 0.344 Tw (the provision of base and sub-base layers that) Tj T* 0.2382 Tc 1.4129 Tw (are permeable enough to drain rapidly and) Tj T* -0.0193 Tc 0.4904 Tw (designing suitable outlets to allow the water to) Tj T* -0.056 Tc -0.6729 Tw (drain awa) Tj -0.9944 Tc 0 Tw (y.) Tj 250.68 624 TD 0.0433 Tc (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD -0.0025 Tc 0.5936 Tw (Limiting the fines content of the base granular) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.003 Tc 0.7481 Tw (material \(passing the 75) Tj 0 Tc -0.0089 Tw ( ) Tj 112.2 0 TD -0.0167 Tc 0 Tw (m) Tj 8.52 0 TD 0.0072 Tc 0.7839 Tw (m sieve\) to around) Tj -120.72 -12 TD 0.2312 Tc 1.3199 Tw (8 percent maximum for gravel sources and) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0715 Tc 1.3796 Tw (10 percent maximum for quarried sources is) Tj T* -0.1297 Tc 0 Tw (desirable.) Tj -7.32 -18 TD 0.0433 Tc (-) Tj 7.32 0 TD 0.0223 Tc 0.8688 Tw (Where drainage is a major concern, a limit of) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.4161 Tw (5 percent fines content is desirable.) 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Therefore) Tj T* 0.0049 Tc -0.2058 Tw (ongoing monitoring of pavement temperatures is) Tj T* -0.021 Tc -0.6679 Tw (important to good decision-making.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0219 Tc 0.3997 Tw (Solid road salt is usually placed on the crown or) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0875 Tc 1.3736 Tw (high side of the driving surface where a good) Tj T* -0.1229 Tc -0.6917 Tw (crossfall and traffic will distribute the resulting brine) Tj T* -0.1196 Tc -0.6693 Tw (over the road.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf 0.4378 Tc (W) Tj -0.0975 Tc -0.6314 Tw (ider spread patterns are called for when spread-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.0089 Tc -0.6 Tw (ing on deteriorated pavements where an undulat-) Tj T* -0.001 Tc 0.8771 Tw (ing surface or poor crossfall will not ensure ad-) Tj T* -0.0226 Tc -0.6663 Tw (equate chemical migration across the entire road,) Tj T* -0.008 Tc 0.5134 Tw (or when rapid distribution is required to address) Tj T* 0.015 Tc -0.2338 Tw (frost or black ice conditions.) Tj -21 -18 TD /F3 9.96 Tf -0 Tc 0 Tw (n) Tj 21 0 TD /F2 9.96 Tf -0.0188 Tc 0.4099 Tw (Applying liquid melting agents or pre-wetted salt) Tj 0 -12 TD 0.0012 Tc -0.1601 Tw (can prevent or clear frost more quickly than solid) Tj T* -0.0169 Tc 1.0366 Tw (salt. A straight liquid will avoid the endothermic) Tj T* -0.2354 Tc -0.6885 Tw (cooling effect that solid salt can have on pavements.) 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Tj 0 -21 TD 0.0116 Tc -0.3605 Tw (Road maintainers need to understand pavement tem-) Tj 0 -12 TD -0.2599 Tc -0.7089 Tw (peratures and how these temperatures can var) Tj -1.26 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj -0.2689 Tc -0.82 Tw (, through-) Tj T* -0.1289 Tc -0.709 Tw (out both the day and the winter season, in order to make) Tj T* -0.0263 Tc -0.6426 Tw (proper treatment decisions.) 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Tj T* 0.0025 Tc -0.3885 Tw (TAC thanks all the committee members who con-) Tj T* 0.005 Tc -0.511 Tw (tributed their time and effort to the project.) 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