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X. ANTIPHON

1. Quintilian 3.1.11: Antiphon wrote down a speech before anybody else; nonetheless, he is believed to have both written a treatise himself and spoken excellently on his own behalf.

2. Sopater, Against Hermogenes: After Gorgias, Antiphon of Rhamnus, a student of Thucydides, is said to have written a treatise.

That Thucydides learned his rhetoric from Antiphon is backed up by the Life of Antiphon 7 (from Caecilius Caleactinus), Hermog. On Ideas 2 p. 414, 19 Sp., Tryphon Rh. gr. 3 p. 201 Sp., Marcell. Life of Thucydides 22.

3. Plato, Menexenos 236 A: But even a man less well taught than I, who had learnt his music from Lamprus and his rhetoric from Antiphon the Rhamnusian, 鈥攅ven such a one, I say, could none the less win credit by praising Athenians before an Athenian audience.

Wilamowitz (Berl. S. B. 1900, 398 f.) thought that the entire first proem of speech 6 was taken from a collection of proems. However, since part of the content of that proem is found in the middle of speech 5, and another part in its epilogue, it is likely that what belonged to the proem or epilogue proper could have been augmented with a collection of topoi that, as Cicero says, contained examples of praise and criticism. In the same way, in the passages we have excerpted one first finds a citation of the laws (with which you can compare what is said in Demosthenes Against Midias 48), and then from the quality of the laws an argument is made that speeches must be judged based on the laws, not the law based on speeches. Another thesis is that the judges鈥� rulings were so unappealable that even innocent people are bound by a judgement even if it contradicts the truth. This is why capital trials were riddled with safeguards of that magnitude: the sentence had the gravest consequences. Nor is it equally important whether the accuser says something wrong or the judge does, since the former can be set straight by the judgment itself, the latter cannot. Hence judges must apply the utmost caution. In this case we no longer have anything other than mere argument: from the thesis is drawn some conclusion with claims that can be made in just about any trial, and not only in the proems. In the proem to the sixth speech, however, in the middle of those reasonings is inserted a new one 鈥� albeit of the same kind, that is, a topos, as we call it, from which the accused can benefit: (par. 4 f.) 鈥楩or the law possesses such coercive force that even if one kills somebody he owns and there is no possible prosecutor [under the law of Draco], he will, for fear of both custom and the gods, purify himself and stay clear of the things the law enumerates [as being off-limits for a killer], hoping for the best if he acts in this way. For a person鈥檚 life relies for the most part on hope; and if one acts impiously and violates divine law, he will deprive himself of that very hope which is a human being鈥檚 greatest good鈥︹��

From such passages proems too could be augmented; so, for instance, the proem of Andocides鈥� On the Mysteries is made up of parts of which some are taken from a proem collection, some from somewhere else and inserted into the proem proper.

For, as Andocides puts it (1.3): 鈥榊ou would reasonably hold the same view about those who willingly undertake dangerous endeavours as they do about themselves. For whenever one does not want to risk going to court because he acknowledges his guilt, of course you judges think the same about them; but then whenever one does go to trial, trusting that he has done no wrong, you too should have the same opinion of him as he does and not condemn him in advance.鈥�

Such words, if set in the proem, can arouse sympathy, but they would with more legitimacy find a place in some argument. But in general Antiphon鈥檚 and Andocides鈥� proems do preempt a great deal that we would much rather expect to see in arguments. Hence their size, nor should we suspect interpolation (rightly Hiddemann, De Antiphontis etc. prooemiis, Diss. Monast. 1913, 14 f.). Lysias鈥� proems are short, so that in his works one can notice the progress of the art.

5. Pseudo-Plutarch, Lives of the Ten Orators 832B-E: Antiphon was Sophilus鈥� father, from the deme Rhamnus. [鈥�] He was the first to publish treatises on rhetoric, since he was quick-witted, wherefore he was also nicknamed 鈥淣estor鈥�.

So also Photius Cod. 259 p. 486 a 11 B

6. Pollux, IV 143: 鈥樶紑蟺伪蟻维蟽魏蔚蠀慰蟼 [鈥渦nprepared鈥漖 mind鈥� says Antiphon in his book On Truth, but he writes 峒�蟺伪蟻伪蟽魏蔚蠉伪蟽蟿慰蟼 in his treatises on rhetoric. These, however, are commonly seen as spurious. 鈥� The Antiatticist: 鈥樶紑蟺伪蟻伪蟽魏蔚蠉伪蟽蟿慰谓鈥� is said by Antiphon in the third book of his treatise On Rhetoric.

7. Longinus, On Rhetoric 9.576 W.: Antiphon writes in his treatises On Rhetoric that it is natural for us to perceive what is there, is present and near us, but it is not natural to maintain a clear impression of things after they have gone by.^.

These words pertain to the art of memory.

8. Ammonius, On Seemingly Synonymous Words: Evidence and signs are different things. Antiphon says in his treatise that past events are believed on the grounds of evidence, future ones on the grounds of signs.

Cf. Eranius Philo 1731 Valck., who omits the writer鈥檚 name. Andocides 3.2: 鈥榃e must, Athenian gentlemen, use what has happened before as evidence of what is about to happen;鈥� Euripides fr. inc. 1073.6: 鈥楾rusting the future based on the present, they regarded their destiny as a test in suffering.鈥� Dinarchus Against Demosthenes 33: 鈥楧educing the future from what has happened.鈥� Apart from that, compare what is collected below among the anonymous (C 36).

9. Galen, commentary on Hippokrates 19.66 K.: That each one of those who dealt in speeches would see fit to make up new words is shown clearly enough by Antiphon, too, who gives lessons about just how to do this.

10. The Antiatticist, Bekker, Anecdota Graeca 78.6: 鈥樶紑蟽蟿慰蟻纬委伪, 蠁喂位慰蟽蟿慰蟻纬委伪, 蟽蟿慰蟻纬萎鈥� are used in the second book of Antipho鈥檚 On Rhetoric.

11. The Antiatticist, Bekker, Anecdota Graeca 110.33: 鈥樶絸位喂纬慰蠁喂位委伪谓鈥� is said by Antiphon in the third book. 鈥� Pollux: Antiphon writes 蟺慰位蠀蠁喂位委伪谓 and 鈥樶絸位喂纬慰蠁喂位委伪谓鈥�.

12. Philodemus, On Poems 6 Ch. 187.5: Since it was observed from what we reckoned before and it had not been researched in such a way as though we did not happen to discover anything beyond other people鈥檚 knowledge about how our hearing is accustomed by simple as well as composite letters, it becomes clear that other authors are talking nonsense when they claim the same letters or different ones to be pleasant or unpleasant, as does one Antiphon, a man of the old days, whether he wanted to be a rhetorician or even a philosopher.

See also Th. Gomperz, Philodem und die aesthetischen Schriften der Herc. Bibliothek, Wiener S. B. phil.-hist. Kl. CXXIII/VI p. 49 n. 3.

Prologues and Epilogues

13. Suda s.v. aisthesthai [鈥減erceive鈥漖: 51社区黑料 perception Antiphon writes in the Prologues as follows: 鈥淚 filed this public prosecution after being wronged by this man, Zeus knows, many times, but also after seeing that you people have been wronged even more and so have all other citizens. 鈥� s. v. hama [鈥渁t the same time鈥漖: In Antiphon 鈥�hama鈥� is used with reference to the same action: for instance, he says in the Prologues: 鈥淏ut if my position appears stronger and at the same time I provide testimony of my virtue鈥︹��

14. Photius and Suda s. v. 渭慰蠂胃畏蟻蠈蟼: Antiphon, the oldest of the rhetoricians, used the word 渭慰蠂胃畏蟻蠈蟼 not to refer to a bad person being brought to court to be prosecuted, but to a father litigating over the death of his son. And he writes the following in On Prologues and Epilogues: 鈥淎nd I, the 渭慰蠂胃畏蟻蠈蟼, who should be dead now, live to be the laughing-stock of my enemies.鈥�

15. Cicero, Brutus 12.27: This same Gorgias allegedly did it by writing down the praises and reproofs of each individual thing [鈥�]; and Antiphon of Rhamnus is said to have written similar things.

Cf. Antiphon 5.14: 鈥楢nd yet I suppose everybody would agree that the laws that are on the books on such matters are the most beautiful and most god-fearing of all laws. For one, they are the most ancient in this land; then they have been the same on this subject forever, which is the greatest indication that a law is well drafted. Indeed, time and experience tell people what is not good,鈥� words that are repeated almost identically in 6.2.